Which of the following statements about re-testing and regression testing are TRUE? I Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed.
II Regression testing should always be performed after a defect is fixed.
III. Re-testing and regression testing may be performed at any test level.
IV Regression testing may include functional, non-functional and structural testing.

1. A. Re-testing should be included in the debugging activity.
2. B. I, II
3. C. Iv
4. D. II, v
5. E. I, Ill
6. F. I
7. G. IV, V

Correct Answer: A
The following statements about re-testing and regression testing are true:
✑ I) Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed. Re-testing is a type of testing that verifies that a defect has been successfully resolved by executing a test case that previously failed due to that defect. Re-testing should be performed after a defect is fixed and delivered to ensure that it does not cause any new failures or side effects.
✑ III) Re-testing and regression testing may be performed at any test level. Re- testing and regression testing are not limited to a specific test level, but can be applied at any level depending on the context and objectives. For example, re- testing and regression testing can be performed at unit level, integration level, system level or acceptance level.
✑ IV) Regression testing may include functional, non-functional and structural testing. Regression testing is a type of testing that verifies that previously tested software still performs correctly after changes. Regression testing may include various types of testing depending on the scope and purpose of the changes. For example, regression testing may include functional testing to check if the software meets its requirements, non-functional testing to check if the software meets its quality attributes, or structural testing to check if the software meets its design or code standards. The following statement about re-testing and regression testing is false:
✑ II) Regression testing should always be performed after a defect is fixed.
Regression testing is not always necessary after a defect is fixed, as some defects may have a low impact or low likelihood of affecting other parts of the software. Regression testing should be performed after a defect is fixed only if there is a risk of introducing new defects or causing existing defects due to the changes made to fix the defect. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 2, page 19; Chapter 4, page 45.

Which of the following can be considered a VALID exit criterion? I Estimates of defect density or reliability measures.
II. The completion and publication of an exhaustive Test Report.
III. Accuracy measures, such as code, functionality or risk coverage. IV Residual risks such as lack of code coverage in certain areas.

1. A. I, III, IV
2. B. I, II, III
3. C. III, IV
4. D. II, III, IV

Correct Answer: A
An exit criterion is a condition that defines when a test activity has been completed or when a test phase can be concluded. An exit criterion can be based on various factors, such as:
✑ I) Estimates of defect density or reliability measures. These are quantitative measures that indicate how many defects are present in the software product or how likely it is to fail under certain conditions. These can be used as exit criteria to ensure that the software product meets a certain level of quality or performance before moving to the next phase or releasing it to the customer.
✑ III) Accuracy measures, such as code coverage, functionality coverage or risk coverage. These are quantitative measures that indicate how much of the software product has been tested in terms of its code, functionality or risk. These can be used as exit criteria to ensure that the test suite is adequate or complete before moving to the next phase or releasing it to the customer.
✑ IV) Residual risks, such as lack of code coverage in certain areas, unresolved defects or unknown factors. These are qualitative measures that indicate the remaining risks or uncertainties associated with the software product after testing. These can be used as exit criteria to ensure that the residual risks are acceptable or manageable before moving to the next phase or releasing it to the customer. The following factor is not a valid exit criterion:
✑ II) The completion and publication of an exhaustive Test Report. This is not a valid exit criterion, as it does not reflect the quality or completeness of the testing process or product. A test report is a document that summarizes the results and outcomes of a test activity or phase. A test report can be used as an input for deciding whether to exit a test activity or phase, but it is not a condition that defines when to exit. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 2, page 13; Chapter 6, page 58-59.

A bank software has a feature of locking down accounts that have and overdraft higher than $10,000.
Due to a bug in the code, the system locks down accounts once they reached $1000 overdraft.
Based on this context, which of the following is correct statement

1. A. It is an example of a defect that it goes undetected, will cause harm to the end customer and to the company (the bank)
2. B. It is an example of a defect, that if goes undetected, will cause harm to the end customer but not to the company (the bank)
3. C. It is an example of a defect that if goes undetected, will not cause harm to the end customer, but will cause harm to the company (the bank)
4. D. It is an example of a defect that if goes undetected, will not cause any real harm to either the end customer or to the company (the bank)

Correct Answer: A
A defect is a flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function. A defect can cause harm to the end customer, the company, or both, depending on the impact and severity of the failure. In this case, the defect in the code causes the system to lock down accounts that have an overdraft higher than $1000, instead of $10,000. This can cause harm to the end customer, as they may lose access to their funds and face inconvenience or financial difficulties. This can also cause harm to the company, as they may lose customer trust and satisfaction, face legal issues or complaints, or incur additional costs for fixing the defect and restoring the accounts. Verified References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 1, page 3-4.

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about how a tester should communicate about defects, test results, and other test information?

1. A. Testers should include personal opinions and judgements in defect reports and review findings
2. B. Testers should emphasize the benefits of testing, such as increased quality and reduced risk
3. C. Testers should reject all questions about their test findings and information
4. D. Testers should take a command-and-control approach with the project team

Correct Answer: B
Communication from testers about defects, test results, and other test information should emphasize the benefits of testing such as increased quality and reduced risk. This positive framing helps in reinforcing the value of testing and ensuring stakeholders understand the contribution of testing to the overall project success (ISTQB not-for-profit association).References:
✑ ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0: https://istqb-main-web-
prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/ISTQB_CTFL_Syllabus-v4.0.pdf

I When closing the test activities, all the testware resources can be uninstalled and released
II All the testware should be subject to Configuration Management
III. The testware. at the end of the project, should be transferred to the organization responsible for maintenance
IV The developers are responsible for the correct installation of the testware

1. A. II, Ill
2. B. I, Ill
3. C. I, IV
4. D. II, IV

Correct Answer: A
Testware is a term that refers to all artifacts produced during the testing process, such as test plans, test cases, test scripts, test data, test results, defect reports, etc. The following statements about testware are correct:
✑ II) All the testware should be subject to Configuration Management. Configuration management is a process that establishes and maintains consistency among work products throughout their life cycle. Configuration management applies to all testware, as it helps ensure their quality and consistency, track their changes and defects, control their versions and access rights, and link them to other artifacts.
✑ III) The testware at the end of the project should be transferred to the organization responsible for maintenance. Maintenance testing is testing performed on a software product after delivery to correct defects or improve performance or other attributes. Maintenance testing requires testware from previous testing activities or phases, such as test cases, test data, test results, etc. Therefore, the testware at the end of the project should be transferred to the organization responsible for maintenance testing, such as support team or maintenance team. The following statements about testware are incorrect:
✑ I) When closing the test activities, all the testware resources can be uninstalled and released. This statement is incorrect, as some testware resources may still be needed for future testing activities or phases, such as maintenance testing or regression testing. Therefore, when closing the test activities, some testware resources should be archived and stored for future use, while others can be uninstalled and released.
✑ IV) The developers are responsible for the correct installation of the testware. This statement is incorrect, as the testers are responsible for the correct installation of the testware. The testers should ensure that they have access to all necessary testware resources and that they are installed and configured properly before starting the test execution. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 6, page 58-61.