Which sequence of state transition stated in the answer choices is correct in accordance with the following figure depicting me life-cycle of a defect?
Correct Answer:
C
The figure depicts the life-cycle of a defect using state transition testing. State transition testing is a technique that models how a system transitions from one state to another depending on events or conditions. The figure shows six states (S0 to S5) and seven transitions (T0 to T6). The correct sequence of state transitions that follows the figure is S0->S1->S2->S3->S5->S1->S2->S3. This sequence represents the following scenario:
✑ S0: The defect is not yet detected (initial state).
✑ T0: The defect is detected by testing (event).
✑ S1: The defect is reported and registered (state).
✑ T1: The defect is assigned to a developer for fixing (event).
✑ S2: The defect is being fixed by the developer (state).
✑ T2: The developer fixes the defect and delivers a new version (event).
✑ S3: The defect is verified by testing (state).
✑ T5: The testing fails to confirm that the defect is fixed (event).
✑ S5: The defect is rejected by testing (state).
✑ T6: The defect is reassigned to a developer for fixing (event).
✑ S1: The defect is reported and registered (state).
✑ T1: The defect is assigned to a developer for fixing (event).
✑ S2: The defect is being fixed by the developer (state).
✑ T2: The developer fixes the defect and delivers a new version (event).
✑ S3: The defect is verified by testing (state). The other sequences are incorrect, as they do not follow the transitions shown in the figure. Verified References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 4, page 40-41.
Which of the following is a key characteristic of informal reviews?
Correct Answer:
B
A key characteristic of informal reviews is low cost. Informal reviews are a type of review that does not follow a formal process or have any formal documentation. Informal reviews are usually performed by individuals or small groups of peers or colleagues who have some knowledge or interest in the product under review. Informal reviews can be done at any time and for any purpose, such as checking for errors, clarifying doubts, sharing ideas, etc. Informal reviews have low cost, as they do not require much time, effort, or resources to conduct. The other options are not key characteristics of informal reviews. Kick-off meeting is a characteristic of formal reviews, such as inspections or walkthroughs. Kick-off meeting is a meeting that is held before the review process starts, where the roles and responsibilities of the participants are defined, the objectives and scope of the review are agreed, and the logistics and schedule of the review are planned. Individual preparation is a characteristic of formal reviews, such as inspections or walkthroughs. Individual preparation is an activity that is performed by the reviewers before the review meeting, where they examine the product under review and identify any issues or questions that need to be discussed or resolved during the review meeting. Metrics analysis is a characteristic of formal reviews, such as inspections or walkthroughs. Metrics analysis is an activity that is performed after the review process is completed, where the data and results of the review are collected and analyzed to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the review, as well as to identify any improvement actions or lessons learned for future reviews. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 9.
Which of the following statements is an example of testing contributing to higher quality?
Correct Answer:
D
✑ The question is about identifying an example of testing contributing to higher quality. Quality is the degree to which a component, system or process meets specified requirements and/or user/customer needs and expectations1. Testing is the process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects2.
✑ Therefore, testing contributes to higher quality by verifying and validating that the software products and related work products meet the specified requirements, are fit for purpose and have no defects, or at least have a reduced number of defects. Testing also provides information about the quality of the software products and related work products to the stakeholders, who can make informed decisions based on the test results3.
✑ Out of the four given statements, only option D is an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it shows that testing has detected a defect (a flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function4) and that the defect has been resolved (fixed and confirmed) prior to release (delivery of the software product to the customer or end user). This means that testing has prevented a potential failure (an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits) from occurring in the operational environment, and thus has improved the quality of the software product.
✑ Option A is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a reporting activity that summarizes the test results and evaluates the test objectives, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test summary report is a document that records and communicates the outcomes of testing activities, including test completion criteria, test results, incident reports, test summary and evaluation, and lessons learned.
✑ Option B is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a planning activity that estimates the resources and time needed for testing activities, but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test effort estimate is an approximation of the amount of work and/or the duration of time required to perform testing activities.
✑ Option C is not an example of testing contributing to higher quality, as it is a preparation activity that sets up the test environment (an environment containing hardware, instrumentation, simulators, software tools, and other support elements needed to conduct a test), but does not directly affect the quality of the software product or related work products. A test environment installation is a process of installing and configuring the test environment according to the test environment specification. References:
✑ 1: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 10
✑ 2: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 11
✑ 3: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 12
✑ 4: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 13
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 77
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 78
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 79
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 80
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 81
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 82
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 83
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 84
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 85
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 86
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 87
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 88
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 89
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 90
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 91
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 92
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 93
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 94
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 95
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 96
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 97
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 98
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 99
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 100
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 101
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 102
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 103
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 104
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 105
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 106
✑ : ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus 2018, Version 4.0, p. 107
In which of the following cases you would NOT execute maintenance testing?
Correct Answer:
D
Maintenance testing is testing performed on a software product after delivery to correct defects or improve performance or other attributes. Maintenance testing can be triggered by various situations, such as modifications to a released software or system, migration of the system data to a replacement system, or retirement of the software or system. Maintenance testing is not executed when there is an update to the maintainability requirements during the development phase, as this is not a maintenance situation but rather a change request that should be handled by the development process. Verified References: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 2, page 18-19.
The testers in company A were part of the development team. Due to an organizational change they moved to be part of the support team.
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of this change?
Correct Answer:
B
Being part of the support team means that the testers are closer to the customer perspective, which is an advantage for testing, as they can better understand the user needs and expectations, and identify more realistic scenarios and risks. However, being part of the support team also means that they have less independence in deciding what and how to test, as they may be influenced by the customer’s preferences or requests, which could compromise the objectivity and effectiveness of testing. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 6.