Which of the following coverage criteria results in the highest coverage for state transition based test cases?

1. A. Can't be determined
2. B. Covering all transitions at least once
3. C. Covering only start and end states
4. D. Covering all states at least once

Correct Answer: B
Covering all transitions at least once is the highest coverage criterion for state transition based test cases, because it ensures that every possible change of state is tested at least once. This means that all the events that trigger the transitions, as well as the actions and outputs that result from the transitions, are verified. Covering all transitions at least once also implies covering all states at least once, but not vice versa. Therefore, option D is not the highest coverage criterion. Option C is the lowest coverage criterion, because it only tests the initial and final states of the system or component, without checking the intermediate states or transitions. Option A is incorrect, because the coverage criteria for state transition based test cases can be determined and compared based on the number of transitions and states covered. References = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 4.2.3, page 49-50.

Which of the following is an example of the absence-of-errors fallacy?

1. A. Repeating the same test cases will continue to find new defects, even after dozens of executions
2. B. A small number of modules contains the most defects
3. C. Since testing found very few defects, the system certainly will be successful
4. D. Other than trivial cases, it is not feasible to test all combinations of inputs and preconditions

Correct Answer: C
The absence-of-errors fallacy, as explained in the ISTQB syllabus, is the erroneous belief that having fewer defects found in testing equates to a system being more successful upon release. This misconception can lead stakeholders to undervalue thorough testing. Answer C illustrates this fallacy perfectly: assuming that because few defects were found, the system will be successful, neglects the many other factors that contribute to system success, including user satisfaction and fit-for-purpose.References:ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 1.1.5 "Absence-of-errors fallacy".

A software module to be used in a mission critical application incorporates an algorithm for secure transmission of data.
Which review type is most appropriate to ensure high quality and technical correctness of the algorithm?

1. A. Walkthrough
2. B. Informal Review
3. C. Technical Review
4. D. Management Review

Correct Answer: C
A technical review is a type of formal review that involves a team of technical experts who evaluate a software product against a set of predefined quality criteria. A technical review is suitable for ensuring high quality and technical correctness of complex or critical software components, such as algorithms, architectures or designs. A technical review is not a walkthrough, which is an informal review led by the author of the work product. A technical review is not an informal review, which is a review that does not follow a defined process and has no formal entry or exit criteria. A technical review is not a management review, which is a type of formal review that focuses on business aspects and project progress. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 3, page 29-30.

Which of the following statements about estimation of the test effort is WRONG?

1. A. Once the test effort is estimated, resources can be identified and a schedule can be drawn up.
2. B. Effort estimate can be inaccurate because the quality of the product under tests is not known.
3. C. Effort estimate depends on the budget of the project.
4. D. Experience based estimation is one of the estimation techniques.

Correct Answer: C
✑ Effort estimate does not depend on the budget of the project, but rather on the scope, complexity, and quality of the software product and the testing activities1. Budget is a constraint that may affect the feasibility and accuracy of the effort estimate, but it is not a factor that determines the effort estimate. Effort estimate is the amount of work required to complete the testing activities, measured in terms
of person-hours, person-days, or person-months2.
✑ The other options are correct because: References =
✑ 1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 154
✑ 2 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 155
✑ 3 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 156
✑ 4 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 157
✑ 5 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 158
✑ 6 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 159
✑ 7 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 16
✑ [8] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 160
✑ [9] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 161

Which of the following statements BEST describes how test cases are derived from a use case?

1. A. Test cases are derived based on non-functional requirements such as usability
2. B. Test cases are created using white-box test techniques to execute scenarios of use cases
3. C. Test cases are derived based on pair testing between a user and a tester to find defects
4. D. Test cases are designed to cover various user behaviors, including basic, exceptional oralternative and error behaviors associated with human users or systems

Correct Answer: D
Use cases describe a system's behavior as it responds to a request from a user. They typically consist of various scenarios, such as basic flow, alternative flow, and exceptional flow, which represent possible behaviors when a user interacts with the system. When deriving test cases from use cases, it is important to cover these different types of user behaviors.Test cases should be designed to verify how the system behaves during each of these scenarios. This ensures that the system operates correctly for normal and error conditions encountered by human users or systems interacting with the application. Thus, test cases derived from use cases aim to cover basic, exceptional, and alternative flows, ensuring comprehensive coverage.References:
✑ ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 4.2.4.