Which ONE of the following statements about state transition testing is correct?

1. A. The state transition diagram explicitly shows all invalid transitions.
2. B. The size of the state table depends on the number of possible transitions between the states
3. C. Usually it is not possible to create tests to cover ell transitions and all stales
4. D. All transitions between states are explicitly shown in the state table.

Correct Answer: D
State transition testing is a black-box testing technique used to analyze the behavior of a system by examining the transitions between different states in response to events. In state transition testing, a state table or diagram is used to represent the states of a system and the transitions between these states triggered by events.
Option D is correct because in state transition testing, all transitions between states should be explicitly shown in the state table. This includes valid transitions that the system is expected to make under normal operation and, where relevant, invalid transitions that should be tested to ensure the system handles unexpected or erroneous inputs gracefully. The state table provides a comprehensive view of how the system should behave, making it possible to create tests that cover all defined transitions.

Consider the following testing levels:
1) Component Testing
2) Integration Testing
3) System Testing
4) Acceptance Testing
Which of the following statements is true?

1. A. Integration and system testing are applicable when V-model is used.Component and acceptance testing are applicable when iterative development models are used.
2. B. All the testing levels are applicable to V-model for software developmen
3. C. Only acceptance testing is applicable for iterative models.
4. D. Acceptance testing is applicable for all software development model
5. E. Component and system testing are applicable only for the V-model.
6. F. All testing levels are applicable, independent of which software development life-cycle process (V-mode
7. G. iterative, incremental) is used.

Correct Answer: D
All testing levels are applicable, independent of which software development life-cycle process (V-model, iterative, incremental) is used. Testing levels are defined based on the scope and objectives of testing, not on the software development model. Component testing, integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing are common testing levels that can be applied to any software development model, as long as they are planned and executed properly. The V-model is a software development model that emphasizes the relationship between each development phase and its corresponding testing phase. Iterative and incremental models are software development models that divide the development process into smaller cycles or iterations, where each iteration produces a working version of the software that can be tested and evaluated. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 18.

Which of the following is the BEST reason for selecting a particular type of software development lifecycle model?

1. A. The project manager's preference
2. B. Tester skill level with the software development lifecycle model
3. C. The project team's overall familiarity with the model
4. D. The type of product being developed

Correct Answer: D
The choice of a software development lifecycle (SDLC) model is primarily influenced by the type of product being developed. Different products and project requirements may demand different SDLC models to address specific challenges and needs efficiently. For instance, a complex, safety-critical product might best be served by a Waterfall model due to its structured nature and phase dependencies, while a more iterative and incremental model might be suited for projects requiring frequent feedback and changes.References:ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 2.1 "Software Development Lifecycles".

Which of the following BEST distinguishes the terms "validation" and "verification"?

1. A. Verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
2. B. Verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met
3. C. Validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
4. D. Validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met

Correct Answer: A
In the context of software testing, the ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 differentiates between "validation" and "verification" based on their respective focuses in the software development lifecycle. Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. In simpler terms, verification is about checking the product against the specified requirements to ensure it was built correctly. Validation, on the other hand, involves evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it meets specified requirements for its intended use. This means validation is about ensuring the product fulfills its intended use and meets the needs of the user.
References:
✑ ISTQB CTFL Syllabus v4.0: ISTQB Official Website
✑ ISTQB Foundation Level Resources v4.0: ASTQB Resources

A software company decides to invest in reviews of various types. The thought process they have is that each artifact needs to be reviewed using only one of the review methods depending on the criticality of the artifact.

1. A. The thought process is incorrec
2. B. The whole company should adopt same standard for review of all artifacts.
3. C. The thought process is correc
4. D. The whole company should decide or the review method based on their CMM level.
5. E. The thought process is incorrec
6. F. Same artifact can be reviewed using different review methods
7. G. The thought process is correc
8. H. It wastes time to review same artifact using efferent review methods

Correct Answer: C
The thought process of the software company is incorrect, because it assumes that each artifact can be reviewed using only one review method, and that the review method depends solely on the criticality of the artifact. This is a simplistic and rigid approach that does not consider the benefits and limitations of different review methods, the context and purpose of the review, and the feedback and improvement opportunities that can be gained from multiple reviews. According to the CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, the selection of review methods should be based on several factors, such as the type and level of detail of the artifact, the availability and competence of the reviewers, the time and budget constraints, the expected defects and risks, and the desired outcomes and quality criteria. Moreover, the same artifact can be reviewed using different review methods at different stages of the development lifecycle, to ensure that the artifact meets the changing requirements, standards, and expectations of the stakeholders. For example, a requirement specification can be reviewed using an informal review method, such as a walkthrough, to get an initial feedback from the users and developers, and then using a formal review method, such as an inspection, to verify the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the specification. Therefore, the software company should adopt a more flexible and context-sensitive approach to selecting and applying review methods for different artifacts, rather than following a fixed and arbitrary rule. References = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 3.2.1, page 31-32; Section 3.2.2, page 33-34; Section 3.2.3, page 35-36.