Which of the following BEST explains a drawback of independent testing?

1. A. Having the business organization participate as an independent test team can hurt the overall testing effort since business participants are often not trained nor experienced in testing
2. B. Due to their differing backgrounds and perspectives, an independent test team may discover defects which the developers did not uncover
3. C. An independent test team may be isolated from the rest of the development and project team
4. D. An independent test team may possess specializations in specific test types such as usability or security which detract from the overall effectiveness of the test team

Correct Answer: C
Independent testing offers several advantages, such as unbiased testing and detection of different defects. However, a drawback is that an independent test team may be isolated from the development team and project team. This can lead to communication gaps, reduced collaboration, and a lack of understanding of the project context.
According to the ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) syllabus v4.0, an independent test team may not have the same level of understanding of the system as the development team, leading to potential issues in communication and integration (ISTQB not-for-profit association).
References:
✑ Certified Tester Foundation Level v4.0
✑ ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus 4.0 (2023)

Which ONE of the following statements does NOT describe how testing contributes to higher quality?

1. A. Properly designed tests that pass reduce the level of risk in a system.
2. B. The testing of software demonstrates the absence of defects.
3. C. Software testing identifies defects, which can be used to improve development activities.
4. D. Performing a review of the requirement specifications before implementing the system can enhance quality.

Correct Answer: B
✑ The testing of software does not demonstrate the absence of defects, but rather the presence of defects or the conformance of the software to the specified requirements1. Testing can never prove that the software is defect-free, as it is impossible to test all possible scenarios, inputs, outputs, and behaviors of the software2. Testing can only provide a level of confidence in the quality of the software, based on the coverage, effectiveness, and efficiency of the testing activities3.
✑ The other options are correct because: References =
✑ 1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 10
✑ 2 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 11
✑ 3 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 12
✑ 4 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 13
✑ 5 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 97
✑ 6 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 98
✑ 7 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 14
✑ [8] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 15
✑ [9] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 16
✑ [10] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 17
✑ [11] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 18
✑ [12] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 19

Given the following requirement: Requirement ID: 2 8
Requirement Description Additional Entrance Fee Detailed Description
An additional fee of S3 is charged during the weekend, but
1) Visitors aged under 7 are not charged.
2) Visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive get a 20% discount off the additional fee.
3) Visitors aged greater than 65 get a 50% discount off the additional fee. Age should be an integer of 0 or above.
Weekend means Friday to Sunday inclusive. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

1. A. Thursday is a valid input boundary value.
2. B. A minimum of 6 valid test cases are derived from boundary value analysis based on input age.
3. C. $3.01 is a valid output boundary value.
4. D. 7 and 13 are boundary values for the equivalence partition including age 10.

Correct Answer: A
Boundary value analysis is a technique that tests boundary values between partitions of equivalent data. Boundary values are values at the edge of an equivalence partition or at the smallest incremental distance on either side of an edge. Boundary value analysis can be applied to both input and output values. Based on the given requirement, we can identify two input values: age and weekend. Age should be an integer of 0 or above, and weekend means Friday to Sunday inclusive. The following statement is not correct:
✑ A) Thursday is a valid input boundary value. This statement is not correct, as Thursday is not a boundary value for the input weekend. The boundary values for the input weekend are Friday and Sunday, as they are at the edge of the equivalence partition that represents weekend days. The following statements are correct:
✑ B) A minimum of 6 valid test cases are derived from boundary value analysis based on input age. This statement is correct, as we can derive six valid test cases based on input age by using the minimum and maximum values for each equivalence partition defined by the requirement. The equivalence partitions for input age are: under 7 (0 to 6), 7 to 13 inclusive (7 to 13), and greater than 65 (66 and above). The minimum and maximum values for each partition are: 0 and 6, 7 and 13, and 66 and any value above it.
✑ C) $3.01 is a valid output boundary value. This statement is correct, as $3.01 is a boundary value for the output additional fee. The additional fee can have four possible values depending on the input age: $0 (for visitors aged under 7), $2.40 (for visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive with a 20% discount), $1.50 (for visitors aged greater than 65 with a 50% discount), and $3 (for visitors aged between 14 and 65). The boundary values for the output additional fee are $0 and $3, as they are at the edge of an equivalence partition or at the smallest incremental distance on either side of an edge. Therefore, $3.01 is a valid output boundary value, as it is at the smallest incremental distance above $3.
✑ D) 7 and 13 are boundary values for the equivalence partition including age 10.
This statement is correct, as 7 and 13 are boundary values for the equivalence partition that represents visitors aged 7 to 13 inclusive. This partition includes age 10, which is an internal value within the partition. Verified References: [A Study
Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer], Chapter 4, page 37-38.

A Static analysis tool analyzes a given program's CONTROL FLOW among other things. Which of the following options represents the most likely outcome of the control flow analysis:

1. A. Identification of unreachable code
2. B. Report on adherence to the coding standards
3. C. Number of comment lines
4. D. Number of source code lines

Correct Answer: A
A static analysis tool is a tool that analyzes a given program’s source code or executable code without executing it. A static analysis tool can perform various types of analysis on a program’s code, such as syntax checking, data flow analysis, control flow analysis, complexity measurement, coding standards compliance checking, etc. Control flow analysis is a type of analysis that examines how a program’s statements are executed in different paths or branches. One of the most likely outcomes of control flow analysis is identification of unreachable code, which is code that can never be executed due to logical errors or design flaws. Unreachable code can reduce readability and maintainability of the code, as well as increase complexity and size. The other options are not outcomes of control flow analysis, but rather outcomes of other types of analysis. Report on adherence to coding standards is an outcome of coding standards compliance checking. Number of comment lines and number of source code lines are outcomes of complexity measurement. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 8.

Which type of software development product can undergo static testing?

1. A. Any software development product can undergo static testing, including requirements specifications, design specifications and code.
2. B. Static tests should be performed on the installation and user guide documents as these documents are used by the end user.
3. C. Static testing is done only on the code as part of the "code review" sessions Other documents are reviewed, but not by static testing.
4. D. Static testing is done only on the requirements You need to execute the software in order to find defects in the code.

Correct Answer: A
Static testing is a form of testing that does not involve executing the software, but rather analyzing it for defects, errors, or violations of standards. Static testing can be applied to any software development product, including requirements specifications, design specifications, code, test cases, test plans, user manuals, etc. Static testing can be done by using various techniques such as reviews, inspections, walkthroughs, checklists, static analysis tools, etc. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 7.