You are developing the code that controls an industrial Espresso machine which will be operated by waiting staff in restaurants.
The machine is rather complicated and has lots of switches and buttons, so in the next iteration instructions will be provided to the operator on a small LCD screen.
A User Story for the Operator-Instructions module is as follows:
"As an operator of the Espresso machine, I would like to know how to steam milk, so I can add steamed milk to the coffee."
The following is a list of risks identified for this story, with assigned probability and impact.

1. A. Operators will not read the instructions and will try various switches and buttons until something work
2. B. Probability: Lo
3. C. Impact: Low
4. D. The instructions may be incorrect or appear in the wrong orde
5. E. Probability: Lo
6. F. Impact: High
7. G. An untrained customer will attempt to use the coffee machin
8. H. Probability: Hig
9. I. Impact:High
10. J. A small child may try to steam mil
11. K. Probability: Hig
12. L. Impact: Low

Correct Answer: B
Risk-based testing is a technique that prioritizes testing activities based on the level of risk associated with each feature or requirement. The level of risk is usually calculated by multiplying the probability and impact of each risk. The higher the risk level, the more testing effort should be allocated to mitigate the risk. In this case, the risk level for each option is as follows: A. Risk level = Low x Low = Low B. Risk level = Low x High = Medium C. Risk level = High x High = High D. Risk level = High x Low = Medium Therefore, the highest risk level is C, followed by B and D, and then A. The User Story for the Operator-Instructions module should be tested according to this risk order, starting with C, then B, then D, and finally A. Hence, the answer is B, as it is the second highest risk level and should be tested after C. References: ISTQB Foundation Level Agile Tester Extension Syllabus1, page 16; ISTQB Agile Tester Sample Exam2, question 18.

User Story: As a user I want to be able to calculate tax percentage based on amount of income.
What is the best black box test design technique for verifying the accuracy of this user story?

1. A. Statement testing - test all statements in income calculation.
2. B. User story testing - test that the user can enter an income amount and get a result.
3. C. State transition testing - test all states of income entry.
4. D. Equivalence partitioning - test with low, medium and high income.

Correct Answer: D
The best black box test design technique for verifying the accuracy of this user story is equivalence partitioning. Equivalence partitioning is a technique that divides the input domain of a system into classes or groups that are expected to behave similarly. By testing one value from each class, the tester can reduce the number of test cases while still achieving good coverage. In this case, the input domainof the system is the amount of income, which can be divided into classes based on the tax percentage applied to different income ranges. For example, if the tax percentage is 10% for income below 10,000, 20% for income between 10,000 and 20,000, and 30% for income above 20,000, then the equivalence classes are: low income (<10,000), medium income (10,000-20,000), and high income (>20,000). By testing one value from each class, such as 5,000, 15,000, and 25,000, the tester can verify that the system calculates the correct tax percentage for each income range. This technique is more efficient and effective than testing all possible values of income, or testing only one value of income, or testing the states of income entry, or testing the statements in income calculation. References: ISTQB Foundation Level Agile Tester Syllabus1, Section 2.3.1, page 19; ISTQB Foundation Level Agile Tester Extension Sample Exam Questions2, Question 5, page 6.

You have been asked to execute an exploratory testing session on Park & Ride system. The test charter has been titled as “Buy a bus ticket”. As a result, a number of defects were
reported, the titles of which are listed below.
Which defect is out of scope for the given test charter?

1. A. Price for a bus ticket was calculated incorrectly.
2. B. Failed to buy a bus ticket after 18:00.
3. C. Failed to buy a bus ticket when the network connection to the Central System is down.
4. D. Payment for parking ticket is restricted to cash only (no credit card supported).

Correct Answer: D
The test charter for the exploratory testing session is focused on buying a bus ticket, not a parking ticket. Therefore, any defect related to the payment for parking ticket is out of scope for the given test charter. The other defects are related to the functionality, usability, or reliability of buying a bus ticket, which are in scope for the test charter. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Agile Tester Extension Syllabus, Version 2014, Section 2.3.2 Exploratory Testing1, Section 2.3.2.1 Test Charter2; ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 3.2, 2017, Definition of Test Charter3 1: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Agile Tester Extension Syllabus, Version 2014, Section 2.3.2 Exploratory Testing 2: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Agile Tester Extension Syllabus, Version 2014, Section 2.3.2.1 Test Charter 3: [ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 3.2, 2017, Definition of Test Charter]

Which statement about an Agile task board is CORRECT?

1. A. It provides detailed visual representation of the whole team's status.
2. B. It is updated once at the end of each iteration.
3. C. Only “in progress” tasks are shown on the task board.
4. D. It is a detailed visual representation of the status of testing.

Correct Answer: A
An Agile task board is a visual framework to display and sync up on the tasks moving between production steps. It is usually applied to the two most popular Agile development frameworks — Kanban and Scrum. Used by software developers and project managers, an Agile board helps manage workloads in a flexible, transparent, and iterative way1. An Agile task board provides a detailed visual representation of the whole team’s status, showing which tasks remain to be started, which are in progress, and which are done. It also helps to track the progress of the current sprint, identify bottlenecks, and facilitate collaboration and communication among team members2. References:
✑ : ISTQB® Foundation Level Agile Tester Syllabus, Version 2014, Section 2.1.1
✑ : ASTQB Agile Tester Certification Resources, Agile Testing Foundations, Chapter 2, Section 2.1.1
✑ : 6

In a sprint planning, the product owner presents a user story written on a card. The team starts having a discussion with the product owner to get an understanding on how the software should work.
The user story written on the card is:
"As a customer, I want to subscribe to the mailing list so that I can receive the latest deal in an email."
By applying the 3C concept, which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT?

1. A. Conversation should include the acceptance criteria discussion.
2. B. The card should contain requirements not the user story.
3. C. Product owner has written a user story and confirmation is not needed.
4. D. The conversation is not required and the team should start developing.

Correct Answer: A
The 3C concept of user stories consists of three elements: card, conversation, and confirmation12. The card is a written description of the user story that captures the essence of the feature or functionality from the user’s perspective. The conversation is a dialogue between the product owner and the development team to clarify the details, assumptions, and expectations of the user story. The confirmation is a set of criteria or tests that verify that the user story is implemented correctly and meets the user’s needs12. Therefore, by applying the 3C concept, the correct statement is A, as the conversation should include the acceptance criteria discussion. This will help the team to understand the scope, priority, and value of the user story, as well as the conditions of satisfaction that the product owner expects12. The other statements are incorrect, as they violate the 3C concept. Statement B is wrong, as the card should contain the user story, not the requirements. The user story is a brief and informal way of expressing the user’s goal and benefit, while the requirements are more detailed and specific descriptions of how
the software should work. The requirements can be added later as part of the conversation or confirmation12. Statement C is wrong, as the product owner has written a user story, but confirmation is still needed. The confirmation is a vital part of the 3C concept, as it ensures that the user story is testable, measurable, and verifiable. The confirmation also helps to avoid ambiguity, misunderstanding, or disagreement between the product owner and the development team12. Statement D is wrong, as the conversation is required and the team should not start developing without it. The conversation is an essential part of the 3C concept, as it allows the team to ask questions, share ideas, and collaborate with the product owner to refine the user story and reach a shared understanding. The conversation also helps to identify the dependencies, risks, and assumptions that may affect the implementation of the user story12. References: ISTQB Foundation Level Agile Tester Syllabus1, Section 2.2.1, page 16-17; Effective User Stories - 3C’s and INVEST Guide2, Section The 3 C’s (Card, Conversation, Confirmation) of User Stories.